Control Theory Corporate Crime Essay Example

Control Theory Corporate Crime Essay Strife hypothesis essentially contends that it is simply the monetary arrangement of private enterprise that produces wrongdoing in any case, so as to comprehend the reasons for corporate wrongdoing, the neoliberal structure and its use must be analyzed. Neoliberalism agrees the state not to intercede or control the market, and in actuality produces disparity however in particular wrongdoing. Criminal acts are carried out by the elites that are following the center of the neoliberal tenet which is expanding benefits while limiting expenses. Corporate violations are submitted by officials or official officials n benefit of enterprises to facilitate their own advantages or the enthusiasm of the associations. These wrongdoings can bring about hurting the common laborers which may comprise of representatives, buyers, investors, or the overall population (Snider, 2005; pg 170). These wrongdoings fluctuate from showcasing perilous items, keeping up dangerous working environments, swindling laborers, natural contamination, value fixing, hostile to confide in infringement and different acts of neglect (Passas, 2005; pg 773). The investigation and understandings of the causes to corporate wrongdoing is urgent to Criminology since it costs society harshly and involves; physical costs, money related costs, ecological amage, sabotages the popularity based framework and subverts financial development. Be that as it may, these violations stay unpunished in light of the fact that neoliberal information claims permit these demonstrations to stay undetectable, unregulated, killed, hard to arraign, questionable in the law and in criminal status and have an absence of obligation. Marxism speculates that society is organized dependent on the relationship of individuals to the creation of material products. As such, the individuals who own the methods for creation additionally control the works, legislators just as the advancement of criminal and financial law. Following the Marxist recognition, this exposition will contend that corporate wrongdoing isn't caused but instead it is a result of the neoliberal structure elites oversee society by. We will compose a custom exposition test on Control Theory Corporate Crime explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Control Theory Corporate Crime explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Control Theory Corporate Crime explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer THE POWER OF THE NEOLIBEARL DOCTRINE To start with, the neoliberal structure was intended to profit people and associations of first class status which permitted them to pick up freedom and force from the state. This at that point permits them to take part in criminal activites and Justify them as reacting to serious powers from the market. Neoliberalism concurs the administration a functioning job in making sure about and delivering the conditions for the market ut differs unequivocally with government mediation Codi, 2008; pg 67), which implies the business sectors must be liberated to follow their interior rationale which is benefit. This implies so as to reduce expenses; the most reasonable methods might be an unlawful methods. Key elites in the New World economy have contributed billions of dollars, notorieties and the intensity of country states in getting certain translations (of laws, issues, logical information) acknowledged and others dismissed these cases are called neoliberal information claims (Snider, 2005; pg 181). Moreover, they push for certain nterpretation of laws of how to oversee the market as per the neoliberal benefits in various manners. For instance, deciphering logical information in manners that demonstrate hereditarily built plants are protected, merits a trillion dollars to the transnational organizations that hold the licenses on this hereditary material and to the country states which grantee their authenticity (Snider, 2005; pg 181). Then again, disparity is all the more firmly identified with the acknowledgment of the neoliberal belief system and its associated philosophy of globalization; for example, representatives scared of losing beneficiary Jobs to third world works are bound to acknowledge lower wage Jobs, perilous work conditions and more significant levels of misuse (Snider, 2004; pg 266). The neoliberal structure (that empowers master business conduct) permits organizations to use whatever implies conceivable so as to expand benefits which may bring about misusing the average workers in an incalculable number of ways; from prompting them to devour hurtful items to compelling them to capitulate to risky working conditions. This outcome in a contention between the way of life of rivalry and moral guidelines be that as it may, orporations dislike people they are counterfeit lawful substances with ceaseless life sanctioned by the legislature for their reality (Nadar, 2004; pg 8). Companies have accomplished a status where they have every single protected right that individuals have with the exception of the privilege against self-implication. Enterprises take part in criminal activites on various levels that damage and influence the overall population be that as it may, people in general generally stays unconscious of these activites on the grounds that these elites put resources into concealing reality which accordingly renders their activities undetectable. THE INVISBALITY OF COPRORATE CRIME Secondly, Marxists contend that is it the associated capacity of the amazing to control estimations of society which is the reason corporate violations are rendered imperceptible. Scholastics think that its hard to break down corporate wrongdoing since enormous scope review information isn't accessible so scientists need to depend on non-target wrongdoing measurements gathered by unbiased government offices, for example, StatsCan or the Home Office which typically yield little examples (Snider, 2005; pg 186). Companies don't need humanist researching their strategic approaches, not at all like customary guilty parties they can oppose such attacks. Then again, the Justice office generally has an insufficient spending plan for explored not to mention arraigning corporate wrongdoings. Police organizations can't stay aware of the geographic bounders of exploitation, the portability of the wrongdoers and the complexities of the violations since they ordinarily include examining and arraigning simultaneously and furthermore broad information on the corporate framework which policing offices, for an explanation, are not prepared for (Schlegel et al. 1999; pg 15). As per Marxism, the law is created and actualized by the elites to control the average workers and rime is a result of class-based imbalance, the policing offices are supported by the administration which are vigorously affected by the elites in this way, strife hypothesis declares that criminal law is intended to focus on the common laborers so as to ensure the interests of the elites. Then again, not at all like road wrongdoing there is a general absence of media consideration concerning corporate Wrongdoings in any case, in the uncommon example that these cases are nature (Williams, 2008; pg 474) these are balances, which intentionally ignoring their status as violations. Business culture from the neoliberal structure ot just gives impetuses to take part in unlawful activites yet in addition contains legitimizations that can be utilized to kill moral limitations; this is a piece of the neoliberal information claims. For example, when corporate Wrongdoings do surface to the publics consideration they are immediately killed as mishaps, disconnected scenes, rotten ones or deliberate assent. Mishaps are depicted as unintended, unforeseen and unavoidable occasions that couldn't be sensibly forestalled (Williams, 2009-04-21). Segregated scenes are when associations or people quickly withdraw from their standard moral practices and participate in criminal ctivites (Williams, 2009-04-21). What's more, rotten ones is a hypothesis of debasement that affirms the issue of an individual taking part in unfortunate behavior as opposed to the office overall, which implies an absence of obligation (Williams, 2008; pg 476). Last, deliberate assent is a balance for hurts dispensed on representatives that work in perilous ventures, the damages are killed by expressing that those representatives agreed to those dangers and conditions notwithstanding, the organization might not have completely unveil all the dangers and damages (Williams, 2009-04-21). Corporate wrongdoing is fundamental owever; its capacity to kill its crime and portray it as uncommon mishaps or phenomenal bad behaviors permits it to proceed beyond a shadow of a doubt. Notwithstanding balances, in the uncommon occasion that corporate wrongdoing is indicted, one of the most well-known methods of separated corporate wrongdoing from road wrongdoing is to point at the absence of Mens Rea which is the criminal goal to perpetrate hurt (Schlegel et al. , 1999; pg 17). By and by, clear cognizant choices are made when curtailing working environment security financial plans, quality control subsidizing and so on with the information cap with these choices human life might be hurt be that as it may, in light of the fact that organizations are viewed as generic, unremarkable and complex substances which brings about an absence of duty and accordingly the damages are excused on the grounds that there is no complete method of knowing whether the goal was there. Also, in light of the fact that elites have the assets and are finically prepared they put resources into concealing these realities. THE FAILURE OF REGULATION Moreover, the neoliberal system states that the market remain deregulated, with that deregulation, companies keep on participating in criminal activites until hello collect lopsided characteristics that add to finical emergency, the legislature should then mediate with guidelines be that as it may, those guidelines are immediately evacuated by corporate impact. History of guideline in Canada was powerless from its underlying endeavor at managing the market. To begin with, Canadas Combines Investigation Act was intended to forestall rivalry in the market and to do so it condemned corporate imposing business models (organizations that prevailing explicit items or administrations in the market), mergers and pri

Huckleberry Finn Paper: Why the Ending Was a Let Down Essay

All through the novel, Huck and Jim are confronted with issues and undertakings. Jim shows Huck the ‘right’ approach to things and how to treat individuals. The greater part of the novel Huck develops as an individual and develops. One may contend that it was on the grounds that he was around different grown-ups. In any case, towards the last piece of the book, his old companion, Tom Sawyer shows up and Huck is up to his old deceives once more. In the prior pieces of the book, Huck was autonomous and thought of his own arrangements to escape awful circumstances, however directly after Tom meandered once more into the story Huck just concurs with everything and anything that his companion proposes. He poses inquiries and reveals to Tom that it is simpler to play out the arrangement his own particular manner, yet Tom consistently puts his thoughts down and can't help contradicting it. Obviously, all through the initial 66% of the novel, Huck’s character develops and Huck turns out to be progressively self-subordinate, however all aspects of the story that Tom is engaged with, he makes Huck return to his regular old way. In part 16, there are two men that discussion to Huck and inquire as to whether he’s seen any rampant slaves. From the outset Huck delays to answer in light of the fact that he’s had a southern childhood which encouraged him to feel that slaves are people’s property and on the off chance that you see one attempting to get away, you turn them in. Be that as it may, in another idea, Huck doesn’t truly need to turn him in light of the fact that he’s been having such a decent time with Jim and they’ve become great companions now. At long last, Huck makes up a story that his Pap is in the wigwam and that he has smallpox. The men in the kayak are put off by this data and feel frustrated about Huck and his dad, so they put forty dollars on a bit of flotsam and jetsam and advise Huck to take it. â€Å"Then I thought a moment, snd says to myself, hang on: s’pose you’d ‘a’ done right and surrender Jim, okay felt better than you do now? No, says I, I’d feel badâ€I’d feel only a similar way I do now Well, at that point, says I, what’s the utilization you figuring out how to do right when it’s inconvenient to do right and ain’t no difficulty to do wrong†¦?† (Pg. 91) This mentality towards Jim is totally different from his prior one, in a past section Tom assists Huck with escaping the Widow’s house and Jim hears them making clamor in the shrubs. The two young men hold up in the brush until Jim nods off and before they leave Tom has a thought that Huck doesn’t truly need to do in light of the fact that he imagines that they may get captured. Tom winds up doing it at any rate however; he takes Jim’s cap and places it in the branches and binds Jim to the tree that he nodded off under. None of this was Huck’s thoughts, which makes Tom the less develop of the two. This is the beginning degree of Huck’s character where Tom can instruct Huck and his companion does never dissents for long in light of the fact that he accepts that Tom is so astounding and he truly admires him. Huck feels that on the off chance that he does what Tom says, at that point he will be similarly as cool as his closest companion. Later on in the novel this progressions and he begins to frame his very own brain. He even begins to wander from what he knows as ‘what is right’. In part 26, the duke and the dauphin attempt to con $6,000 out of the Wilk’s family. One of the little girls, Joanna, can feel that something is going on and begins to address Huck to see whether they’re lying or not. From the start Huck attempts to mislead her, however as Joanna’s cross examination goes on, her sisters advise her to be gracious towards their visitors. Huck felt awful about the circumstance since he realized that his swindler mates were going to take this family’s cash. â€Å"I felt so ornery and abject and imply that I says to myself, my mind’s made up; I’ll hive that cash for them or bust †(175). So he thinks about an arrangement to reclaim the cash that the duke and the dauphin took from them. I accept that on the off chance that he had not grown up from his past undertakings with Jim, he would not have minded that these men were taking this cash from these individuals, in truth he’d presumably need some of it for assisting. Be that as it may, Huck was thoughtful for the family and attempted to his best degree to fix what the conmen had done. This is a circumstance that demonstrates how far Huck has originated from being determined what to do and admiring Tom. Huck is currently ready to shape his own conclusions about things and begins to think â€Å"Hey, I am ready to get things done all alone. I don’t need Tom, or conmen, or any other person to instruct me any more.† In part 31, Huck finds that Jim is offered to a family by the dauphin. After he learns this, he begins to compose a note to Tom with the goal that he can tell the Widow were Jim is so she can go get him, yet then he concludes that he doesn’t need to turn Jim in. He’s had such a large number of encounters with him on the stream; he’s for all intents and purposes his family now. He even cried before when he discovered that Jim had been caught. In the event that he had been a similar child that he was before the experiences with Jim, he would have felt that it was the correct thing for him to do by handing his companion over. Yet, all through the novel he discovered that Jim is a human as well, he’s not a bit of property. Jim has emotions, musings, and even a family. Huck was raised to imagine that helping slaves was an awful thing, yet starting now and into the foreseeable future he realized that he would follow his heart and chose â€Å"All right at that point, I’ll go to hell!† (214). Here is another model that demonstrates that Huck’s character has been developing all through the novel. It shows this due to everything that this kid has experienced he has discovered that it’s not in every case best to do what society says is correct, some of the time it’s even incredibly off-base and ought to never be finished. In part 35, the two young men consider plans to get Jim out. Huck thinks about a short and simple arrangement, while Tom considers something progressively confused. Tom additionally gripes about how his Uncle Silas ought to have a gatekeeper, guard dogs, a channel, and a bunch of different hindrances that make their undertaking harder to perform. At this point, Huck is so entranced by Tom since he feels that everything that his companion does is incredible to the point that nothing can turn out badly if Tom’s doing it. Tom gets his way, obviously, and they begin taking things that they need from Aunt Sally. They go through weeks on getting Jim out, when Huck’s thought would have just taken a couple of days and no more; Tom most likely would not have gotten shot either. At a certain point Jim even lifted his chain from underneath the bed and went outside to support the young men. They could have quite recently left without even a moment's pause, however Tom needed to make Jim’s escape as troublesome as could reasonably be expected. In the event that it was simply Huck and Jim, they would have quite recently left! This piece of the novel was incredibly difficult to peruse, there was no good reason for drag out Jim’s escape, as of now in the plotline everything that had been made before was simply being deleted and there was only no good reason for the remainder of this specific experience with Tom; it was positively not helping Huck’s character out. This last segment of the book took walks in reverse from Huck’s advancement of development all through the novel. It resembled stepping forward just to take twenty all the more in reverse. What's more, generally speaking makes the closure of the book somewhat baffling, Huck is directly back where he began, he’s now living in a house with another family that will attempt to strip him of his opportunity and make him progressively socialized. As I would like to think, the last experience of the story demolished what the others had developed for Huck’s character. Toward the finish of the story Huck had returned to adoring Tom and succumbing to the entirety of his manipulative lies similarly as in the past.

A Team Guide to Productive Slack Use

A Team Guide to Productive Slack Use Slack is a great productivity tool but when you’re part of a decent-sized team, it can feel like you’re constantly trying to catch up. It’s a bit like a never-ending mission to reach inbox zero but instead of emails, it’s a notification that your colleague has just shared a photo of their lunch Fortunately, there are a few measures you can take to ensure Slack doesn’t take over your team’s professional and personal lives. Well share these here, in our Team Guide to Productive Slack Use. Slack: How Our Growing Team Stays Connected When Michael and Till founded our company, MeisterLabs, back in 2006, they envisioned a  way of working that would enable a globally-dispersed team to work as productively as if they were all based in the same room. This required team communication that was more efficient than email, faster and more connected. For the first few years, the MeisterLabs team communicated via  Skype chat. However, when MeisterLabs discovered  Slack, it fitted the bill far better and became the standard for all internal communication. All decisions, spanning from product direction to team drinking plans, were made over Slack. Company-wide announcements could be made in an instant and teammates would respond within minutes. Everything worked great. However, as MeisterLabs grew to a team of 30 (and continues to grow further) the quick notes that once worked amongst a team of 10 began to multiply. It was during the most recent round of employee talks that we realized we needed to change course. Due to the growing number of messages and Slackbot notifications, team members were finding that: a) It was hard to keep track, meaning important information and requests were getting lost b) It was difficult to focus on work  when feeling obligated to read so many messages, many of which weren’t relevant. 7 Guidelines for Productive Team Slack Use We want to keep Slack as our main tool for internal communication, so we came up with a few team guidelines to help ensure team Slack-use remains productive: 1. Presume they won’t see the message unless you @ them Simply being in a public channel shouldn’t mean that you need to scroll through every unread message to check you haven’t missed something:  if you haven’t received a mention notification, you can presume it wasn’t for you. This, of course, relies on team members always remembering to @ in the relevant people, like so: If your message is for no one in particular but is still important, you can also @ in channel or here: When writing in a public channel, the responsibility should always lie with the sender to make sure the message is received, so theres no need for team members to scroll through irrelevant messages, just in case something was meant for them. For those who are new to Slack, writing @here in a channel will notify  all channel members who are currently online. Writing @channel will alert everyone in the channel, while also triggering desktop and mobile notifications for all channel members. 2. Don’t be afraid to mute public channels If you don’t need to see every conversation in a public channel, mute it. You’ll still be notified if you’re mentioned, so you won’t miss anything important. However, it’ll be easier to focus on work as the chat won’t appear as emboldened and there won’t be a tempting red badge on your desktop icon unless you receive a mention, a message in a private channel, or a direct message. If you feel you don’t need to be part of the channel anymore, leave it, and if it’s not relevant to anyone anymore, archive it. This can be done via the ‘Additional options’ area of the channel. Discover MeisterTaskTask management made simple Sign-up free Sign-up free 3. Keep evenings, weekends and vacations free from Slack requests Your whole team should be able to switch off from work  during hometime. Although everyone can continue to chat on Slack if they’d like to, e.g. in #random, no one should be expected to respond to Slack messages outside of working hours or while on vacation. If it’s urgent, e.g. the server is down or there’s a critical bug, establish a policy where youll text or call the relevant person instead. This way, no one needs to feel obligated to check Slack over evenings and vacations, knowing that anything important would’ve been communicated over the phone. If you’d like to log something with a team member who’s on vacation, communicate it via a direct message rather than @ing them into a public channel. It’s a lot quicker for them to read through direct messages when back online, rather than scrolling through a long (often interrupted) discussion in a channel they’ve been mentioned in. If you or your team have Slack push notifications on your phone, make sure to snooze these overnight too, so your sleep isn’t interrupted by team members in other time zones. 4. Know when email would work better Although lots of companies want Slack to be the main internal communication tool, there are a few cases when an email would work better, for example: If you’re making an announcement that you want everyone to definitely receive and log e.g. details on your upcoming company retreat For longer messages that would look like a wall of text in Slack, like a team or quarterly update For formal messages that you’d like to take a more official approach to e.g. if making a company-wide change, like the introduction of a new Slack policy ?? If you’re sharing a document or resource that team members might want to refer back to If the message involves someone external. 5. Turn Slack requests into actionable tasks Requests over Slack can easily get lost in conversations, both in public channels when the chat moves on, and in private chats if the request isn’t completed then and there. To ensure that whatever you’ve asked for is logged and properly followed up on, make sure that all Slack requests are turned into something actionable, e.g. by creating a task or calendar event. At MeisterLabs, we turn all requests into assigned tasks in MeisterTask, including their due date, required documents, checklist items etc. 6. For focused working, try Do-Not-Disturb mode If you find Slack notifications distracting and want to focus on work for a set period, try setting your status to Do-Not-Disturb (DND) in Slack. This will snooze all notifications, including direct messages. If a teammate sends you a message during that time, they’ll receive a message from Slackbot telling them that you’re on DND. Slack offers the option to notify you anyway, meaning urgent messages can still be communicated. It goes without saying that if, like us, you want to continue to work collaboratively, you should encourage team members to not be on DND all of the time When not on DND, notifications can still be managed within the notifications area of Slack. 7. Keep your sidebar neat Cut down on what’s shown in your Slack sidebar by editing your settings to only show starred channels, those that have pending mentions and direct messages. It might seem like a superficial change but a shorter list of channels makes Slack a lot quicker (and less daunting) to check through. Changes can be made via Preferences Sidebar Sidebar settings. So those are our  7 guidelines  for productive team Slack use, which we follow here at MeisterLabs.   With everyone being a little more direct with messages, @ing in the right people and ensuring that real requests are turned into actionable tasks, Slack can still be wonderfully productive for growing teams. Have any questions or tips of your own? Let us know in the comments below ?? You might also enjoy:  The Art of Listening in Distributed Teams Discover MeisterTaskA beautiful task management solution Sign-Up Free Sign-Up Free

Build a Better House - With Dirt

Tomorrows homes may be made of glass and steel—or they may resemble the shelters built by our prehistoric ancestors. Architects and engineers are taking a new look at ancient building techniques, including building with earth products. Imagine a magical building material. Its cheap, perhaps even free. Its plentiful everywhere, worldwide. Its strong enough to hold up under extreme weather conditions. Its inexpensive to heat and cool. And its so easy to use that workers can learn the necessary skills in a few hours. This miraculous substance isnt only cheap as dirt, it is dirt, and its winning new respect from architects, engineers, and designers. One look at the Great Wall of China will tell you how durable earthen construction can be. And, concerns for the environment and energy conservation make ordinary dirt look downright appealing. What does an earth house look like? Perhaps it will resemble the 400-year-old Taos Pueblo. Or, tomorrows earth homes may take on surprising new forms. Types of Earth Construction An earth house can be made in a variety of ways: AdobeRammed EarthCob (mud with straw)Compressed Earth BlocksStraw Bale (not really earth, but very organic) Or, the house may be made with concrete but earth sheltered underground . Learning the Craft How many people live or work in buildings constructed of earth? The folks at eartharchitecture.org estimate that 50% of the worlds population spend much of their time in earthen architecture. In a global market economy, its time that more developed nations take note of this statistic. Traditional adobe homes in the American Southwest have wooden beams and flat roofs, but Simone Swan and her students at the Adobe Alliance have discovered the African mode of construction, with arches and domes. The result? Beautiful, ultra-strong, and energy-efficient homes, echoing the adobe domes built along the Nile centuries ago and being built today like earth igloos in places like Namibie and Ghana in Africa. No one can argue with the environmental benefits of using mud and straw. But the ecological building movement does have critics. In an interview with The Independent, Patrick Hannay, from the Welsh School of Architecture, attacked the straw bale structures at the Centre for Alternative Technology in Wales. There would appear to be little aesthetic leadership here, Hannay said. But, you be the judge. Does responsible architecture have to be unsightly? Can a cob, straw bale, or earth sheltered home be attractive and comfortable? Would you like to live in one? Designing a More Beautiful Mud Hut The African earth igloos, however, come with a stigma. Because of primitive construction methods, mud huts have been associated with housing for the poor, even if building with mud is a proven architecture. The Nka Foundation is trying to change the mud hut image with an international competition. Nka, an African word for artistry, challenges designers to give these ancient building practices a modern aesthetic that is missing. The challenge outlined by the Nka Foundation is this: The challenge is to design a single-family unit of about 30 x 40 feet on a plot of 60 x 60 feet to be built by maximum use of earth and local labor in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The client of your design is the middle-income family in any township of your choice in the Ashanti Region. Total costs of constructing the design entry must not exceed $6,000; land value is excluded from this price point. The entry should serve as an example to the local people that mud architecture can be beautiful and durable. The need for this competition tells us several things: How something is built can have little to do with aesthetics. A home can be well-made but ugly.Attaining status through architecture is nothing new; creating an image transcends socio-economic class. Design and construction materials, the essential tools of architecture, have the power to make or break stigma. Architecture has a long history of design principles that often get lost through the years. Roman architect Vitruvius set a standard with 3 Rules of Architecture—Firmness, Commodity, and Delight. Heres hoping that earth igloo construction will rise to the level of being built with more beauty and delight. Learn More: Winners of the Mud House Design 2014 CompetitionTour a village of earth-walled homes in Loreto Bay, MexicoAdobe Mud: Building With Earth by Catherine Wanek, Mother Earth News, June/July 2009Earth Architecture by Ronald Rael, Princeton Architectural Press, 2010Earth Architecture in Iran: Earth Buildings, Mud Architecture, Sustainable Architecture, Rammed Earth, Mud Bricks by Hamed Niroumand, LAP, 2011Adobe and Rammed Earth Buildings: Design and Construction by Paul Graham McHenry, Jr., University of Arizona Press, 1989 Sources: Architecture: A house made of straw by Nonie Niesewand, The Independent, May 24, 1999; eartharchitecture.org; 2014 Mud House Design Competition [accessed June 6, 2015]

Advertisement and Food - 1818 Words

â€Å"Marketing is a social process by individuals and groups of people get what they need and what they want through creating, offering and negotiating free products and services of value with others†. However, actuality, the intense marketing of food toward the children, in fact, have offered what they need? What a child needs to eat when the question is what kind of food? There is the possibility of a child, too young, that does not have a defined taste, who can not tell exactly what they are eating and also they are not aware of the nutritional value of foods, be skilful to have a wish? Would have a child under one year, the ability to want a specific type of food which they never experienced before? So, who needs what and who is desiring to by whom? Children, parents, or the advertising of foods? Currently, vehicles of transmission to the public are increasingly dispersed. Most advertising messages relating to food have younger target audience. The use of food to differe nt marketing vehicles of information has allowed reach an increasing number of child consumers and consequently their parents since they allow entry of marketing in their homes or food choices outside when they buy products that children ask. For consequence, they are contributing to change their habits and feeding behavior, so children become not healthy, overweight and obesity. The kids are all the time being visually exposed through various types of marketing related to food advertising from the media,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Food Advertisements 2423 Words   |  10 Pages When my family moved away from the place I grew up I began to have a major problem with my weight; I turned to food to comfort me. I somehow felt secure while eating and because of that psychological reassurance I got from the food, I was soon over weight. 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Influential advertisements that are constantly shown to children while they watch TV, motivate them to make poor food choices. Children start to believe that unhealthy and non ­nutritious foods often referred to as â€Å"junk food† are what they should consume. Young children are not aware of what consists a healthy diet and they over ­consume the unhealthy junkRead MoreThe Negative Influence Of Fast Food Advertisements2025 Words   |  9 Pagesof Fast Food Advertisements We all know that watching TV is bad. In fact, young children should not watch more than 2 hours of TV every day. The interesting fact is that we don t actually realize the seriousness of watching TV. Parents usually think that young children should not focus on a screen for more than a couple hours because it is not good for their eyes, but there is actually a much bigger issue about watching TV. Companies specifically design fast food advertisement to pushRead MoreFast Food Advertisements Should Be Banned872 Words   |  4 Pagesof fast food ads, one controversial issue has been that fast food ads can be held responsible for childhood obesity. On the other hand, most people contend that fast food ads shouldn’t be banned because there are a lot of people who love fast food. Others even maintain that if people banned fast food ads, children will go more into the drugs instead of fast food. My own view is that fast food ads shouldn’t be banned. I know that fast food ads can manipulate children and adults to buy food which canRead MoreHow Are Teenagers Affected By Advertisements For Fast Food?1468 Words   |  6 Pages Nowadays, the increasing number of companies decide to boost the investment of advertisements in order to propagandize the new products more effectively and efficiently. Munusamy and Wong argue that advertising has become one of the important elements in our modern life (Munusamy and Wong). According to the most recent forecast of US advertising spending, eMarketer expects US advertisers to spend $171.01 billion on paid media this year, up 3.6% over 2012 spending levels (US Total Media Ad SpendRead MoreThe Impact Of Nutrition Information On Advertisement Of Fast Food Chains Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe impacts of nutrition information on advertisement of fast food chains The fast food industry in the U.S. has rapidly expanded in the past few decades (Hwang, 2013). In 2014, the industry has created a 3% current value growth, indicating its robust and continued ability in the U.S. market overall (Euromonitor, 2015). This strong increase has largely changed Americans’ lifestyle and eating habits; the amount of money they spend on fast food is more than that on education, readings and videos (Schlosser

This Is My Most Important Event in My Life Free Essays

A Significant Event I think in a human life, everyone has a significant event that they can’t forget. Mine is a poignant farewell party where I said good-bye to my family, my relatives, and my friends. Everyone was laughing and telling funny stories, but I wanted to be alone. We will write a custom essay sample on This Is My Most Important Event in My Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now I sat on the roof of my house and looked at the stars. It was very hard to leave. I knew I loved them so much and I didn’t truly want to go to the U. S. ; however, I decided I must go and make my own future. I realized that this was my chance to build my career which would benefit me and my family. It was an emotional evening. I will always remember it. It was a lovely day with a sunny morning, a cloudy afternoon, and a windy evening. That morning, I went to the America Embassy for an appointment with the delegate for an interview to receive my F-1 Visa. Maybe it was my lucky day. There were many people who wanted to get a Visa that day. I had waited more than three hours in the waiting room for my turn. I was nervous about what he would ask me. But the interview was easier than I thought. I passed it with a smile on my face. When my father knew I had passed the interview, he was really happy. He told me he would organize a big farewell party for me, and he did it. He invited all of our relatives and friends. Then we prepared everything for the upcoming party together. When all of us were in my house, we separated two groups. One went to market to buy food and beverages. Another group went to the bakery to buy a big farewell cake. We attended the farewell party with a happy atmosphere. During the evening, we took photos and sang the songs we loved. We had a feast with a diverse menu, which included appetizers, main dishes and the desserts. We were joking while we were cooking and eating. The meal was good, but I really enjoyed our affection for each other. After the dinner, we went to the living room to continue the party with playing cards and video games. After a while, my grandpa began telling us some his legend tales. Step by step, everybody told many funny stories that made me laugh too much. I knew everyone was sad that I would be leaving, but they still celebrated because they loved me. I realized it, and I laughed with them because I didn’t want them worry about me. On the other hand, I still wanted to be alone so that I could think about many things. I didn’t even know what I was thinking about. I just wanted to find a quiet space so that I could feel peaceful in my mind. I climbed up, sat on the roof and looked at the stars on the sky. Some thought started appearing in my mind. I knew when I left my country; my parents would be sad and worry about me. I thought about my younger brother, who was still a teenager and hoped he would start studying hard and listening to what my parents said. I was also concerned that I would not see my grandparents anymore because they were very old. I knew I would miss my aunts and uncles also. I thought about my friends and all the good time we’d had together. We still had many plans to perform together. Furthermore, I thought about my future. I might perceive and experience more things in the other culture. In addition, I was able to improve my English skill in listening as speaking. This was my opportunity in order to build my career according to my plan; this also was my chance so that I could found my own company. Otherwise, I would be independent. I imagined that how many troubles I would meet. Not only I didn’t scare, but I also felt interesting. I would figure them out and handled by myself. There were some reasons motivate me that I should left Vietnam to the U. S. That really was my significant event; the first time I seriously thought about a lot of things in one night. And now I realize I have matured more since I came here. I’m becoming a man. I may solve many problems as well as I know how to take care of myself. Nonetheless, I still miss my parents, my all relatives. I always want to graduate the University as fast as I can so that I could come back my country and visit all of them. How to cite This Is My Most Important Event in My Life, Papers

People Culture and Contemporary Leadership †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the People Culture Contemporary Leadership. Answer: Introduction People are the most important elements for every organisation. These forces keep alive organisations values and purpose. They are the source of creativity, innovation and inspiration in an organisation. This is the reason while human resource is considered one of the important assets for every organisation. Today most of the leading organisations are developing high performance culture through creating an organisation culture that empowers employees. This report is basically based on organisations peoples practices and employee engagement. The company chosen for research is Google it is a big multinational company dealing in internet related products. The study is on Google and its HR practices. It clearly outlines and analyses the HR practices that are adopted by the company. It also determines the level of employee engagement in the organisation. The report also recommends some initiatives that could be taken by company to increase employee engagement. Organisation overview Google is a multinational company having its headquarters in America. The company deals in internet related products and services. It was founded by Larry page and Sergey Brin in 1998. Sundar Pichai is the current CEO of Google. Google has shown a fast growth over the years. In the year 2004 Google made initial public offer and today the company stands amongst the most renounced companies of the world. Google summarises its journey from garage to Googleplex (Google 2017). Companys vision statement is providing the worlds information at a single click. Googles mission is to collect the worlds information and provide it to the users universally (Thompson 2017). Both vision and mission statements guide the companys current practices. Both vision and mission statements run parallel to each other and guide the current practices of the company. It outlines four basic components namely worlds information, universal accessibility, one click and usefulness. Company maintains huge database as a collection to worlds information and provides universal accessibility at one click through its search engines world-wide. Easy access ensures that information is available for utilisation. Googles success can be credit to its effective organisation structure and culture. Google has matrix kind of organisation structure with some degree of flatness. It doesnt have that old convectional style of organisational structure. It has cross- functional organisation structure. Googles organisation structure is a blend of three characteristics function based, product based and flatness. Google has manpower strength of 75053 in the year 2016 (Statista 2017). Google effectively manages its huge and diverse workforce in the organisation. Google has its offices worldwide and headquarters in California, USA. The company has its operations around the globe. HR strategy of organisation Google is amongst the companies that have the best HR policies and practices in the world. The HR approach that Google uses is known as peoples analytics. People analytics can be defined as the data driven approach to inform your people about programmes, practices and processes. At Google its employees are known as Googlers. This approach is the used to inform Googlers about everything that company does to find, grow and keep people. The company is having the best strategies and polices to attract exceptionally talented pool of technologists and business people. The recruitment strategies of Google are aimed at attracting innovative and talented people who are ready to spend long hours in office. It tries to appoint people who are comfortable with flat organisation structure and working in teams. Google works on the principal that little things have big impact it offers various small benefits to make itself the best company to work for. Google offers it employees healthy snacks and m eals time to time. Google moms are allowed paid maternity leaves of 18 weeks. Company also allows its employees to bring pets to the office. Google clearly understands the theory of collectivism and individualism. In collectivism culture group performance is considered whereas in individualism the individual performance is taken into consideration (DeMooij 2015). Google appraises both team efforts and individual performance depending on the culture of country. Another HR strategy of Google is not having formal meetings; it has casual conversations in cafes or in lunch hours to increase employee participation. People and HR practices that exist within organisation Google has the pool of highly skilled and talented workforce. The company is able to maintain this workforce and keep its employees happy through its various HR practices (Bulygo 2013). Google has replaced subjective decision making approach in HR to data based decision making this is known as peoples analytics. People analytics team at Google analyse data to identify insights correlations and to provide recommended actions. This approach is the major HR practice or element for Google in achieving corporate greatness (Sullivan 2013). Employee training programmes at Google are also well designed and developed to maximise the benefits of training programme for both employee and the company. To make training programme more effective the company uses need analysis to identify different types of needs and design training programmes accordingly. The company tries to maximise the workforce efficiency with taking guidelines from Maslows need hierarchy theory. It has 5 categories of needs i.e . physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs and self-actualisation needs (Datta 2014). The company tries to increase the employee motivation by fulfilling the5 levels of need. The company tries to fulfil these needs by providing attractive perks, long term employment, free food in office, recognition for performance etc. The companies HR practices are designed in such a way to keep workforce happy so that they can better concentrate of work rather than other issues. Google shows concern for its people, this helps to retain and attain premium quality workforce in the organisation. Examination of employee engagement Employee engagement can be defined as the approach in which the workplace offers the employee an environment that keeps him or her motivated to work enthusiastically with full dedication and commitment to attain organisational goals. In other words the organisation should give the employee a sense of belongingness so that employee can work for the organisation in an enhanced way (Anitha 2014). Google is the prime example of extraordinary employee engagement. For employee engagement nothing can be taken as the best formula company needs to continuously analyse the environment and needs to develop new thinking and actions. Google maintains employee engagement in the organisation by empowering its employees by transparency. Transparency increases employee engagement as employees want to part of something that has no hidden agendas. Employees at Google spend 20 per cent of time in activities other than normal work this promotes a creative culture in the organisation. Google aims to leave no stone unturned when it comes to employee caring. The company creates employee engagement by creating a caring and welcoming work environment for employees. Google- O Meter is a device used by Google that gives its employees an opportunity to air their views on various matters and potential cultural changes (Phelps 2016).All these measures help Google to maintain remarkable employee engagement in the organisation. Structured plan of initiatives that could increase employee engagement To form structured plan of initiatives that could increase employee engagement we need to identify determinants of employee engagement. Key determinants of employee engagement include job role, organisational support, rewards recognition, training development and organisational leadership and planning (Gujral and Jain 2013). The next step is to identify the possible outcomes of employee engagement. Possible outcomes include employee satisfaction, organisational commitment and organisational citizenship behaviour (Albrecht et al. 2015). After analysing the predictors and potential outcomes of employee engagement successful plan can be developed. One initiative could be developing employees strength. This could be done with the application of R2 strength profiler. R2 strength profiler is a scientific way to develop and measure various strengths of employees (Albdour and Altarawneh 2014). This initiative will enhance the training and development procedure at the company and increase e mployee satisfaction. Another initiative that could be taken is introduce engagement as service measure on score card. This plan can be implemented by having an agreed engagement target score for each business unit that employees are measured against. This will impact the rewards and recognition predictor of employee engagement and help to enhance employee engagement in the company. Both the initiatives will not only impact the employee engagement in the organisation but will also result into improved productivity, high level of customer satisfaction, improved financial growth, staff retention, high morale of employees and ensures employee well-being. Conclusion It can be concluded that Google is an organisation that is working best for its employees. Google has adopted various HR practices such as free food, attractive perks, flat organisational structure, fun activities in the office, allowing pets in the office, paid maternity leaves and much more. The company has adopted these practices to ensure employee engagement in the organisation. The company works on Maslows theory of motivation and does it best to keep its workforce motived and enthusiastic to work. Google cultivates the culture of innovation and creativity in the organisations. The company believes in freeing the talent of the people and empowering its employees. The company effectively and efficiently manages its workforce to attain its mission and vision. The company is already a remarkable example for outstanding employee engagement but still two initiatives that could help the company are introducing engagement as a measure on score card and working to increase employees str engths. References Albdour, A.A. and Altarawneh, I.I., 2014. Employee engagement and organizational commitment: Evidence from Jordan. International Journal of Business, 19(2), p.192. Albrecht, S.L., Bakker, A.B., Gruman, J.A., Macey, W.H. and Saks, A.M., 2015. Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 2(1), pp.7-35. Anitha, J., 2014. Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance. International journal of productivity and performance management. Bulygo, Z. 2013. Inside Googles Culture of Success and Employee Happiness, viewed on 12 August 2017 from https://blog.kissmetrics.com/googles-culture-of-success/ Datta, Y., 2014. Maslows hierarchy of basic needs: An ecological view. Oxford Journal: An International Journal of Business Economics, 8(1). De Mooij, M., 2015. Cross-cultural research in international marketing: clearing up some of the confusion. International Marketing Review, 32(6), pp.646-662. Google, 2017. Our story, viewed on 12 August 2017 from https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/our-story/ Gujral, H.K. and Jain, I., 2013. Determinants and outcomes of employee engagement: A comparative study in information technology (IT) sector. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 2(5), pp.207-220. Phelps, S. 2016. Learning From Google: 15 Ways To Drive Employee Engagement, viewed on 12 August 2017 from https://www.purplegoldfish.com/learning-green-goldfish-google-15-ways-drive-employee-engagement/ Statista, 2017. Number of full-time Alphabet employees from 2007 to 2016, viewed on 12 August 2017 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/273744/number-of-full-time-google-employees/ Sullivan, J. 2013. How Google Became the #3 Most Valuable Firm by Using People Analytics to Reinvent HR, viewed on 12 August 2017 from https://www.eremedia.com/ere/how-google-became-the-3-most-valuable-firm-by-using-people-analytics-to-reinvent-hr/ Thompson, A. 2017. Googles Vision Statement Mission Statement, viewed on 12 August 2017 from https://panmore.com/google-vision-statement-mission-statement

Brandstorm L oreal Essay Example

Brandstorm L oreal Paper In the travel industry it doesnt matter which language you speak, which traditions and cultural habits are appropriate or whether it is AM or PM. This industry seems to have its own culture, rules, traditions and inhabitants. LOreal calls the Travel retail market the 6th continent in the world. A borderless continent with its own economy (duty free shops which are ours open), its own capitals: top airports (e. G. Dublin, London Heathers, Hong Kong, Paris Rosins) and its own inhabitants (1 billion): the global shopper/ international traveler: families and business people. Nowadays, shopping has converted into determinant factor while traveling and in some cases a component of choosing a travel destination or the prime motivation to travel. The Economist even talks about the golden hour whenever a passenger steps through the security scanner into the world of travel retail. Travel retail has been growing at about 12 percent in the past few years (LOreal resource pack). A similar growth is expected in the next two to three years, putting it at double the growth rate for the luxury goods market, said Luck Cola, head of luxury goods research at financial services firm Examine BAN Paris. We will write a custom essay sample on Brandstorm L oreal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Brandstorm L oreal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Brandstorm L oreal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Based on these developments Jean-Pula Agony, Chairman and CEO of LOreal Group, sees opportunities for LOreal in the retail travel industry. According to him is Travel retail a key channel for winning over one billion new consumers. This brand development plan aims to explore the opportunities for one of LOreal luxury brands: Lana ¶me, in the travel industry. The first part of this paper focuses on two core pillars; (1) the brand Lana ¶me and (2) the travel retail market. We will first define the segment, target group and positioning (STEP) of Lana ¶me. Additionally we will identify the core associations, strategy and challenges the brand Lana ¶me is facing. Furthermore, in we will identify the market of the travel industry by a racket analysis. Thereafter we will define the role of retail in the travel retail industry. Then we will dive into the competition for Lana ¶me within the travel retail industry by doing a Porter five forces analysis. We will also provide a customer analysis containing the needs and characteristics of the customers/ travelers within the travel retail market. Concluding, we will provide a full SOOT analysis for Lana ¶me in the travel industry and zoom into the opportunities for Lana ¶me in the travel retail industry by proposing an Innovative travel retail service. The second part of this paper consist of our innovative idea and introduces the sub-brand Lana ¶me Travel. We will pitch this innovative experience by addressing whom We see as our potential consumers and how we attract them to our service/experience at the airport. In addition we will provide the strategy, the positioning, the marketing communication initiatives and the brand elements for Lana ¶me I Travel. At the end, a sales pitch about our Lana ¶me I Travel will wrap up our thoughts. Our analysis, and content is based on a self-conducted survey (appendix 4) (N=65) where both free association about the brand Lana ¶me as questions on liker scale about shopping behavior, competitors and brand value are questioned. In this paper we refer to our self-conducted survey as: (Survey Lana ¶me, 2015). In addition to this survey we have used academic and non- academic articles, Rogers and Jorge survey referred as (Labile, 201 5) and the articles in the LOreal brainstorm package. Enjoy reading! 2. Lana ¶me This year, LOreal is celebrating 80 years of beauty with THE brand of women: Lana ¶me. Amanda Patient founded Lana ¶me in 1935, as a fragrance house. The name Lana ¶me comes from a small chateau Lana ¶me which inspired Patient who added the accent mark D to the o, in order to convey French elegance in every language. LOreal acquired the company in 1964 where it became part of LOreal luxury department and offers 3 product categories: skin care (45, 1 %), make-up (21 ,7%) and fragrances (33,2%) (LOreal resource pack). Now the brand has been developed itself in more than 130 countries. During its 80 years of existence, Lana ¶me has established a brand identity containing some key associations: Expensive, luxury, women, mascara, quality, beauty and trustworthy (Labile, 201 5; own survey, 201 5) appendix rod cloud. 2. 1 Lana ¶mes target group: The typical Lana ¶me customer is an elegant and sophisticated woman around the forty years old (Paupers Labile, 2015). Lana ¶me users view Lana ¶me as elegant, luxurious, and high in quality. Furthermore, they do consider Lana ¶me to be expensive however, compared to for example Channel they do not consider Lana ¶me to be overpriced (Paupers Labile, 2015). 2. 2 Lana ¶me performance: In the travel retail industry is LOreal the market leader. Lana ¶me has the largest market share in the Duty Free beauty products category with over 20% (source: generation). Lana ¶mes total brand value is ranked at the 90th place and valued at 6,3 billion USED (Source: Forbes) thanks to successful products such as their best-selling fragrance (ranked as 4th in the world) La vie est. belle, known for its iconic smiling bottle. . Define the travel retail market The Travel Retail market is an upcoming and increasingly growing market. The travel retail distribution channels consist Of; cruises (4%), airports (57%), downtown duty free shops (33%) and airlines (6%) (LOreal resource pack). Hence, the air traffic is the main driver for the travel retail industry and the focus in this paper . Air traffic is continuously growing by 5% on average per year, and represents over 6 billion international flights in 2013. In 201 3, 1. 87 billion people traveled by plane and spend 1 159 billion USED on various top product categories such as tobacco (7%), Wine and spirits (1 7%), Jewelry and Apparel (12%), Fine foods (12%) and Fragrance and cosmetics (30%) (source: illustriously. Com; LOreal resource pack). Asia-Pacific is the most vibrant region for travel Retail, accounting for 37% of all sales (TEA). The most visited airport in 2013 was London Heathers, with 67 Million passengers (Source: IAC). 3. Airport trends and developments In todays speed-driven, globally networked economy, airports are developing into hubs for commerce. Similar to a traditional metropolis of a central city and its outlying suburbs, the airport is becoming the focus of a sprawl of businesses in what has been dubbed the reiterations. What this means for cosmetics and perfumes is that airport shops will no longer be solely for duty- free gifts and indulgences. In the future airports will look like sophisticated shopping malls with not only shops but also a variety of entertainment opportunities such as golf clubs, cinemas and spa centers. Many airports are growing into bigger places focusing on an integrated and personalized experience for travelers while also considering sustainability. The focus areas for airports are (technological) developments such as: atomization and self-service, personalization and nature spaces where people don not have the feeling they are locked up. Retailers can effectively integrate those trends into their services. Several examples are; nature parks, a beauty spa, museum or for instance; loyalty programs, mobile advertising and higher level of in-store services by touch-screen technology which revive an on-the spot- personalized experience. In addition, some concept stores add digital imagery on a shop wall. Some representative modern top airports with top figures in terms of passenger traffic and providing the above mentioned examples are: Istanbul, Doth, Koala Lump, Taipei and Dublin international airport (traffic evolution; LOreal resource pack). 3. 2 What makes the travel retail market unique? There are several factors playing a role, which makes the Duty free travel retail market unique and distinct from the domestic market. Access to the shops is restricted to people who are traveling and in possession of a raiding pass. Travelers passing through airports are from across the globe, international multi-lingual context In travel retail, brands only have a small window of opportunity to attract and engage customers and convert sales Duty-free and travel retail stores are Often open 24/7 Food, drink and duty free tobacco products are normally intended for consumption outside of the country in which they are purchased, the final destination of the products could be anywhere in the world. Only a limited range of products (often luxury brands) are sold in duty free and travel retail shops and cannot be found on the High Street. In addition many products purchased at duty free and travel retail shops are intended for gift giving, with special editions of products and promotions being supplied only to the travel retail sector. Airport duty free and travel retail shops do not compete with the domestic market; rather they compete with each other as passengers have the option of shopping at different airports departure, arrival or transit airport. The European Commission most recently confirmed this position during their investigation into the acquisition of World Duty Free by Autograph, published in May 2008. . Consumer analysis of travel retail consumers The consumer in the travel retail market is the international shopper; they are not only shopping where they live but also wherever they are. Some important general demands of the International shopper are: high interest in good quality/ high end products, convenience and fast/quick service. The international shopper consists of both families and business peo ple who have different, purposes and needs while traveling. This means that retailers have a difficult mission: tailor their offerings to the different needs and purposes (private or business) of the global shopper, whether they are Brazilian, Chinese, Russians or middle Eastern. The upcoming paragraphs will provide an overview and a clear description about the potential global shopper, there needs, motivations and consumer expectations. 4. 1 Characteristics of the global shopper As the travel retail market has grown, the demographics of travel retail have changed dramatically. Indeed, the significance of Chinese and Russian travelers dwarfs other groups. China accounts for 27% of the total market and Russia for 15%. Number three is Indonesia with Its really linked to GAP per capita. As soon as GAP per capita starts to rise and people have ore disposable income, they want to travel, and when they travel, they want to shop. For 82 %of Chinese travelers, shopping is their number one priority, dropping to 56% and 48% respectively for Middle East ern and Russian consumers. The Chinese consider shopping a fundamental part of their travel experience (source: illustriously. Com). It is thus Important to notice that absolutely not solely European or the American travelers are of interest for Lana ¶me, but especially the new emerging nationalities such as the Chinese and Russian shoppers are the biggest spenders (LOreal case study). Another ewe phenomenon is called: the demagnification of traveling. Demagnification means an increase Of the middle class in traveling. This new influx of travelers transforms the travel retail market, which is evolving from a business model focused exclusively on luxury towards a more diversified offer. 4. The needs of the global shopper The global shopper can travel for two purposes; private or business. These two purposes determine the needs of the global shopper. Generally, business travelers demand efficiency and convenience, whereas tourists are generally seeking for entertainment, and browse stores in order to reduce waiting time. Besides these two different purposes, retailers have to deal with the different nationalities of global shoppers. For instance Japanese women want translucent skin products, whereas European woman or North American woman demand bronzing powders. Lana ¶me has to respond to these different needs by, comprising more various products sets, tailor personal service (a beauty consultant who speaks every language) organize different festival or event by nationality (Ramadan, Chinese new year) and offer membership or free gifts after an expenditure of a certain amount and use in- depth data analysis to capture the needs of the potential customers. 4. The motivation to purchase at the airport The main purpose of visiting a duty free store is to purchase a gift, secondly to browse the store and thirdly to take advantage of airport prices (LOreal resource pack). However, we also asked in our self-conducted survey: what the motivation is Of people to buy cosmetic related products. Results show, that consumers purchase cosmetics in duty free stores mainly for personal use (63%) and secondly as a gift (20%) (Survey Lana ¶me, 2015). However, these results are not fully in alignment with Lana;mes resource pack (201 5), where buying a gift is the number one reason to purchase cosmetics. Several other factors affecting consumer behavior in buying beauty products are: store design, price, brand image, availability and good service, good design/ packaging, innovative features and excellent quality. An advantage for travel retail could be that airport travelers are known to be more receptive to marketing communication messages than the average consumer, as they are effectively stuck in airports in search for entertainment. 5. Competitor analysis of Lana ¶me The Travel Retail operating in the six continent results in a new level of competitors for Lana ¶me. On one hand is the national competition expunged. Nevertheless, the main competitors of Lana ¶me are campaigning all around the world on the same tax-free airport boutiques to attract the same global shoppers. In the upcoming paragraphs we will first discuss the main competitors Lana ¶erne is facing in the travel retail as suggested by Yodels (1999). This is theory is based on original ops marketing of McCarthy. Since we are solely focusing on Travel Retail, the Place will be left out. These are namely the airports worldwide and that was already a selection, for showing competitors. Instead of the place, we will show any special offers/campaigns done in the travel industry. According to our survey we detected the following main competitors for Lana ¶me when focusing on the travel retail business: nearly half of our respondents stated Clique as the main competitor in the market with 46%, followed by Channel (37%) Lana ¶me (31%) and Esteem Lauder (29%) (Lana ¶me survey, 2015). The other competitors mentioned in the survey were Clarions, Shied and Christian Dior. However, in the following researches we discovered that Christian Dior also takes a dominant position in the luxury beauty travel market. Therefore, we decided to focus on four main competitors and also included Christian Dior. We will introduce these competitors, their product, price, promotion and target group in table 1 . Additionally to the competitor analysis, we performed a Porter five forces analysis to identify the main threats in the travel retail industry (Porter, 2008). Looking at Porters five forces for the travel retail industry (figure 1), the travel retail industry looks competitive for Lana ¶me. The main threats are the high existing rivalry (the four dominant competitors mentioned in table 1), high buyer power and a high threat for substitutes. In the travel retail industry, there are many luxury brands offering similar products and services. This makes it hard to differentiate. In addition do the buyers in this industry have the power to easily switch to the competitor. However, incumbents such as NC ¶me and Channel have a competitive advantage compared to new entrants. The level of RD, technology, brand portfolio and distribution/ infrastructure are highly developed for incumbents and therefore hard to compete on for new entrance. Figure 1: Porters five forces (Porter, 2008). 6. SOOT Travel Retail for Lana ¶me Based on the results of our self-conducted survey, our competitor analysis and customer analysis, we made a SOOT-analysis (figure 2). We identified our main strengths pertain to Lana ¶me, namely: (1 ) An innovative product line and (2) high quality, (3) Lana ¶mes trustworthiness and lastly (4) Lana ¶mes cohesive brand image. Firstly, Lana ¶me seems to take advantage of LOreal distribution channels and RD investments, which makes the innovativeness and introduction of new products for the Lana ¶me possible. Secondly, based on our survey results and the results of Lullabies survey (2015), do people have high quality perceptions of the brand Lana ¶me. Additionally, is the brand well established and does it have a strong heritage because Of its 80 years Of existence. This Strong heritage has gained the brand trustworthiness and credibility. Lastly, the associative networks of our self conducted survey and Lullabies survey (2015) look very similar. It seems that people come up with the same associations, when they think of the brand Lana ¶me. Even between men and women there are not many differences in the associative network of Lana ¶me (Appendix. However, this cohesive brand image could also be seen as a weakness for the brand. As the brand primary targets women it is weird that men come up with the same associations and women do not have more unique associations with the rand. One of the major problems could be this last point. The brand Lana ¶me does not evoke many unique associations, which could function as a point of difference in their product category. In addition, does a cohesive brand images makes the brand inflexible (difficult to introduce a product line for men). A general threat in the travel retail industry is terrorism. The 9/11 terrorism attacks caused the travel industry a major drop in passengers. These external factors are beyond the control of any retailer but can have immense influences on sales. In addition can security restrictions cause imitations for beauty travel related products, such as liquid volume or package size. This is also beyond the control of retailers. Another threat could be the rise in demand of organic natural products. However, this could also be an opportunity for Lana ¶me. Another big opportunity for Lana ¶me is the growing luxury goods market in BRICK economies (Chinese, Russian travelers having the highest shopping budget). Lastly, we consider personalization and atomization; such as self-service an opportunity for Lana ¶me to differentiate on. Figure 2: SOOT analysis Of Lana ¶me in the Travel Retail industry Case study 2 7. Brand development plan Lana ¶me I Travel 7. 1 Introduction of Lana ¶me I Travel Fasten your stables and discover Lana ¶me I Travel. The objectives of Lana ¶me I travel are twofold: (1) creating brand awareness by development and visibility of Lana ¶me in the travel retail industry, (2) enhance customer loyalty and recruit new customers by responding to current trends at airports: efficiency, self-service and personalization. 7. 2 Introducing the Lana ¶me Travel experience Taking all the above into consideration, we came up with the following innovative experience: a high end Lana ¶me Travel beauty wall, wrapping all rodents in high quality leather tests with a personal message (see appendix 2 3). The wall will have a very exclusive appearance and has to stand for luxury and high quality, as this is found to be expected of Lana ¶me (Paupers Labile, 2015). This unique wall will entail five different rows of content. The rows within the wall can be divided into: skin care, make-up, fragrances, travel kits and a gift packages. Research by paupers and Labile (2015) pointed out that people strongly associate Lana ¶me with Perfume, make-up and cream/care, for that reason they most definitely had to be incorporated onto the wall. Regarding the skin care, make-up and fragrances the most iconic products will be used; advance genuine (skin care), absolute rouge lipstick and hype ¶SE mascara (regarding make-up) and the La vie est. belle fragrance (see picture below). These products are chosen due to the fact that they are world wide most known and used. In 2009 for example, Genuine won 130 international awards and sold more than 9 million bottles (LOreal online article). For this reason they Will be most likely to satisfy the desires of the global traveler, which Lana ¶me is trying to target. The travel kit of Lana ¶me I Travel will consist of a miniature version of the above-mentioned iconic products, except for the lipstick. In addition there will be several customized Lana ¶me I Travel products: a miniature sewing kit, a nail file, ear plugs, a toothbrush and a sleeping mask and a nail polish, which changes with the seasons (see picture below). The mask will be in black silk with the Lana ¶me travel logo on the front in pearliest white. Furthermore, the Lana ¶me I Travel gift package will consist of a La vie est. belle fragrance, a body lotion and a small passport telling the history of Lana ¶me. The most unique attribute is the personalized leather etude. Every product or package extracted from the wall will be placed into a high quality leather etude (appendix 2). This etude can be personalized by choosing a desired color (four options) and by writing a message in gold on the leather etude through a screen on the machine. After completing the desired color and message, the leather etude will be created and issued within only 5 minutes. Below you can find a suggestion how the machine will look like. The focus will be on the high- end appearance and it would be possible to larger the machine to create the o-called wall.

Sweden 1600-1700 essays

Sweden 1600-1700 essays In the period between 1600 and 1700, Sweden saw its fortunes rise and fall. It went from a sparsely populated medieval country to a great European power and finally ended up as a country with great influence within its own region . Some historians even call the 17th century the Swedish Great Power Period. There were both internal and external reasons for Swedens rise to power and eventual fall. Before 1612 Sweden was a country where most of the population were farmers, the country was threatened by Denmark, Swedens army and navy were very small, the country had no universities and very little trade with other countries. Gustavus Adolphus became king when he was only 17 and by the time he died in the battlefield in 1632, he had turned Sweden into a great power. In the middle of the 16th century, when the German Order State fell apart, Sweden, Denmark, Russia, and Poland fought for control over territories in the Baltic area. Sweden took control of the northern part of Estonia. This was the beginning of a very expansive foreign policy that even included settlements in America. During this time Sweden took advantage of the chaos in Russia, because of their Civil War. When a peace treaty was signed, new territories were added to the Finnish part of Sweden. Many countries were anxious to take control of the Baltic States because they wanted to have control of the important customs revenues from trading between Russia and Western Europe. King Gustav II Adolf realized that it would be very difficult to control the northern route so he concentrated on the Baltic Sea. When he was able to get control of the important harbor cities in Polish Prussia the new customs revenues were over 25% of the Swedish state income. There were also internal factors that helped Sweden become a great power: Sweden had a well managed economy, growing domestic iron and weapons industry, and a well governed state. The exter...

An examination of colossians Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

An examination of colossians - Dissertation Example On the other hand, there are some scholars who are looking into the past using the lens of the current period. 4This approach also suffers from the pitfall of failing to see the uniqueness of the situation of the past, thus distinguishing it from the current human condition.5 The problem of ethnocentrism is crucial in interpreting past events, contexts, and narratives. In this regard, Colossians 1.12-13 presents an old theme and promise repeatedly told in the Old Testament that is fulfilled by Jesus in the New Testament and yet a seeming contradiction to many in contemporary society, †¦Constantly give thanks to the Father who has empowered us to receive our share in the inheritance of the saints in his kingdom of light. He has rescued us from the dominion of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of his beloved Son †¦ The verse offers a summary of God’s redemptive act of love. It speaks no longer of a promise, but of a reality that is made available to those â₠¬Å"the Father who has qualified .. to share in the inheritance of His holy people in the kingdom of light†.6 Likewise, it uses the imagery of â€Å"deliverance as presented in Exodus and Jesus theme of Kingdom†. ... The second concern raise against Colossians 1.12-13 is the fact that, the contemporary period, lives in the â€Å"age of syncretism†. The contemporary period is marked by the continued effort of many to harmonize existing religious differences. This is not in itself wrong, but it creates a system wherein Jesus is relegated as one of the founders of religion and Christianity is just one of the many religions.8 In the effort to create a harmonious space for the co-existence of various recognized religions, beliefs, ideologies, and other principles and philosophies, Jesus becomes just one of the leaders of religion, â€Å"they are not denying him , but they are dethroning Him and robbing Him of His rightful place of preeminence†. 9As such, there is a crisis in contemporary Christian faith. Since, many fail to give to God what is due to Him as they focus on other teachings, principles, teachings and beliefs that reduce their obedience, trust, and faithfulness to the Word of God. This same scenario is the primary concern that the faithful in Colossae were facing. In fact, one of the major themes of Colossians is how to address false beliefs that threatened faith of Christians in Colossae. Geographically, Colossae was one of the three cities situated 100 miles from Ephesus.10 The other two cities were Laodicea and Hierapolis.11 Colossae was considered as the melting pot of the East and West. There was a time that it was an important trade route. However, economic activities within the city started to slow down until it became a small town. Nonetheless, Colossae remained a significant city because of the numerous beliefs and philosophies mingled within the city. Ideas continued to influx the city.12 These ideas and

Insights at IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Insights at IT - Essay Example Moreover due to lack of interest of customers in the software products owing to their high prices, the software companies have started offering web-based services in which the software programs are not installed on the computer of the customers but services are offered to the customers on web. The customers have started to think that they are not getting the proper business value from the software programs because they think that they are spending more and the return is less. One of the reasons behind this thinking of the customers is the large maintenance costs that they have to pay when the subscription expires. The proof of this lack of interest on part of the customers is the discount offers by various software companies and the increase in the use of web-based software services. The article Six IT Decisions Your IT People Shouldn’t Make, I have observed that the most disastrous practice which is very common in the IT organizations these days is letting IT people prioritiz e the projects according to their business magnitude. No doubt IT people are best at their work and can actually carry out projects successfully but deciding about the projects that which project is the most beneficial for the company is not the job of IT people.

Developing a Sustained Drug Delivery System

Developing a Sustained Drug Delivery System 1. INTRODUCTION In last few years, Formulations that are able to extend the release of drug have become an integral part of Pharmaceutical research. It is a centre of exploration due to its many benefits over conventional dosage form. Sustained drug delivery system was aimed to release the medication in a prolonged rate. The basic concept of the sustained release dosage form development is to reduce the frequency of dosage administration, to reduce the fluctuations of drug in the plasma by maintain plasma drug level1 thus improves. Various expressions such as sustained-release ,controlled-release, prolonged-action and repeat action have also been used to describe.. Sustained release offers prolonged delivery of drugs and maintenain plasma levels within a therapeutic range, steady-state plasma levels can be maintained without oscillation2,3. The sustained level of the medication was obtained by controlling the plasma blood level and less frequent dosing4 (Lachman et al., 1987). 1.1 Matrix system is classified into 5 types based on Hydrophilic Matrix System and insoluble hydrophobic Inert Matrix system (6-8) 1.1.1 Hydrophobic Matrix tablet In this technique of sustained release from an oral dosage form the drug is mixed with an inert or hydrophobic polymer and then compressed into a tablet. The sustained release is obtained by dissolving drug and was diffused through a network of channels that exist between compacted polymer particles. The materials used as inert or hydrophobic matrices consist of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and ethyl cellulose and ammonia methacrylate copolymers. The rate controlling phase in these formulations is the solvent penetration into the matrix. The possible mechanism of drug release in the hydrophobic matrix tablet was by diffusion. Hydrophobic matrix tablet consist of porous and nonporous matrix systems. 1.1.2 Hydrophilic matrix tablets The drug molecules are combined with the polymer and erode slowly in body fluids. Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose is commonly used polymer in the hydrophilic matrix tablets.It is a simple method and widely accepted due to its desirable global regulatory acceptance, cost effective, flexibility in drug release profile matching and ease of commercial scale-up. The different grades of Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose were available for the design of sustained drug delivery system. The viscosity range of the Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose assist in the percentage release rate of drug release. The low viscosity range polymer cause increase in the drug release. The hydrophilic matrix system the mechanism of drug release occurs mainly by diffusion and erosion. In the hydrophilic matrix system the use of cellulosic polymer cause gel formation on the surface of polymer and cause tablet erosion with continuous release of drug. The polymers commonly used in the hydrophilic matrixes are classified into three categories. Cellulose derivatives- hydroxyethylcellulose, Methylcellulose, Hydroxy propylmethylcellulose grades like K4M, K100M, 5cPs, 15cPs and Sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Semi synthetic polymers- Modified starches, Alginates and Chitosan. Acrylic acid Polymers -Carbopol 934 1.1.3. Wax matrix tablets The drugs are embedded into lipid matrix by spray congealing in air and Wax-matrix tablet core consisting of semi-synthetic glycerides and blend congealing in an aqueous media. The congealing process use with or without the aid of surfactants, the wax matrix components are prepared from the blend of powdered ingredients. 1.1.4. Gum type matrix tablets In this type of matrix system the excipients produce gel like consistency in presence of water and the dispersion of the active drug of the tablet was maintained by gel barrier. For example xanthan gum and sodium alginate in water soluble polysaccharides used in gum type matrix systems. appropriate method depends on the properties of the drug, polymer and selection of other ingredients. Many statistical experiments are useful tool to develop sustained release formulation with an optimized formulation with an appropriate dissolution rate with a minimum number of trials. For this reason, a computer based optimization technique with a response surface methodology (RSM) utilizing a polynomial equation and artificial neural network (ANN) has been widely used (Ghosh et al., 2008andBozic et al., 1997). 2.0  KINETICS OF DRUG RELEASE Various mathematical models utilized to interpret the mechanism of the drug release from ER dosage form, with the available dissolution data these release kinetics can be calculated using the model that best fit is selected based on the correlation coefficient (r) value in various models, which gives higher ‘r’ value is considered as the best fit of the release data. The following are the various Release kinetics Cumulative percentage drug released Vs time (In-Vitro drug release plots) Cumulative percentage drug released Vs Square root of time (Higuchi’s plots) Log cumulative percentage drug remaining Vs Time (First order plots) Log cumulative percentage drug released Vs log time (Peppas plots) Calculated regression coefficients for zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas. The best fit model with the highest correlation coefficient. Table No. 3. Analysis of diffusion release mechanisms Release exponent (n) Overall solute diffusion mechanism 0.5 Fickian diffusion 0.5 Non-Fickian diffusion 1.0 Case II transport n > 1.0 Super Case II transport Zero order release is calculated from the following equation Qt = Q0 + K0 t where Q0 = initial amount of drug Qt = cumulative amount of drug release at time â€Å"t† K0 = zero order release constant t = time in hours It describes the systems where the drug release rate is independent of its concentration of the dissolved substance. The first order release equation is calculated from the following equation Log Qt = Log Q0+ Kt /2.303 where Q0 = initial amount of drug Qt = cumulative amount of drug release at time â€Å"t† K = first order release constant t = time in hours Here, the drug release rate depends on its concentration The Hixson Crowell release is calculated from the following equation is Where Q0 = Initial amount of drug Qt = Cumulative amount of drug release at time â€Å"t† KHC = Hixson crowell release constant t = Time in hours. It describes the drug releases by dissolution and with the changes in surface area and diameter of the particles or tablets A linear plot of the cube root of the initial concentration minus the cube root of percent remaining versus time in hours for the dissolution data in accordance with the Hixson-crowell equation. The Higuchi release is calculated from the following equation Q=KHt1/2 where Q = cumulative amount of drug release at time â€Å"t† KH = Higuchi constant t = time in hours The Higuchi equation suggests that the drug release by diffusion. A graph is plotted between the square root of time taken on x-axis and the cumulative percentage of drug release on y-axis and it gives a straight line. Korsmeyer – peppas equation is F = (Mt /M ) = Kmtn Where F = Fraction of drug released at time ‘t’ Mt = Amount of drug released at time ‘t’ M = Total amount of drug in dosage form Km = Kinetic constant n = Diffusion or release exponent t = Time in hours An optimal experimental formulation was compared with the original product, in order to compare the profile of the in vitro release of the drug. 3.0  BIOAVAILABILITY STUDY: Stabilitytesting of Drug products conducted as per ICH conditions the formulations which are stable up to 6M 40 °C/75% RH and 25 °C/60% considered as stable formula taken up for in vivo absorption study. In current scenario in vitro and in vivo performance of the dosage forms is essential part of Product development. The FDA guidelines respecting the IVIVC method evaluation used to set dissolution specifications; which can be applied for surrogate for in vivo bioequivalence for certain pre- or post approval changes, such as Equipment, facility or Manufacturing process changes and minimizes the bioavailability or bioequivalence study after the formulation design optimization The ultimate aim of IVIVC is to select the suitable dissolution method of in vivo absorption of the test compound. In IR tablets the release is more rapid in ER, the excipients also having bio pharmaceutical activity and controls the release within the body. Generally HPMC matrices are biocompatible and do not have enzyme degradation by gastric fluids. For Biovailability study the following Pharmacokinetic parameters to be studied they are Tmax, Cmax and AUC can be evaluated via Plasma or Urine data. Pharmacokinetic assessment the plasma drug concentrations determined by HPLC analysis. Drug extracted from plasma sample by liquid-liquid extraction method, To study the rate and extent of absorption of Cilostazol and Etodolac extended release matrix tablets 100 with that of 100 mg reference(R) conventional marketed formulations and IR tablets The research study was performed in rabbit model to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and then for IVIVC studies. The simple HPLC method used to evaluate to determine the drug content in plasma, the in-vitro studies shows the release pattern is slow first order, For Cilostazol the overall Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, Kel and T1/2 were completely different between both test and reference formulation (IR). Therefore the prepared formulation was releasing the drug for a prolonged period of time In case of Etodolac the Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, Kel and T1/2 were completely comparable with the reference product; therefore the prepared formulation was releasing the drug for a prolonged period of time and bioequivalent with reference product.

Ethical judgements Essay

Our entire life is a continuous process of gaining and retaining information, expanding our knowledge as individuals. Most people spend quite a bit of time in their childhood years in school learning, taking in knowledge that has been produced. As a species humans have produced a wealth of knowledge in a variety of ways. However there comes a time where you have to wonder what extent people would go to, to produce knowledge. Where is the line? When are we doing something ethically wrong? All of these questions bring up another question, do ethics get in the way of producing knowledge? The arts and natural sciences are two areas of knowledge that deal a lot with ethics. The arts are a very free area of knowledge in with people are allowed to express themselves, the natural sciences require a lot of experimentation. In my opinion, knowledge is very valuable, and the production of it should be a priority if the sacrifice is reasonable. The arts are a valuable source of knowledge, producers of art tend to try to convey a message through their artwork. Art comes in many different forms, ranging from visual arts to music and even literary arts. Throughout all forms most of art there are lessons embedded in the art piece, or at least messages conveyed through the art. Similarly, most art contains some form of censorship, artists are not allowed to touch on certain topics. Even if artists decide to make art that touches on controversial or different topics, their art is typically not accepted in society and does not receive any publicity. Again, this is the case with almost all art, however for the purpose of this essay I am going to focus on literary art. An example that is very prevalent in my mind is the ban of _The Book of Negroes_ by Lawrence Hill. A dutchman named Roy Groenberg wrote a letter to Lawrence Hill. In the letter he wrote that a group of people in the Netherlands were going to burn Hill’s book because in contained the word ‘negro’ in the title (Hopper). _The Book of Negroes_ is an award winning book that is about the life of an 11 year-old girl who is kidnapped in a village near Segu in Africa, and sent to North Carolina to be a slave. The book continues to tell the reader about her life as a slave (Hill). _The Book of Negroes_ is widely considered as very moving and a book that conveys important messages (Hopper). Unfortunately, because of the title it was misconceived as a book that was critical of African-Americans. Groenberg was the only person to act on his feelings, however that does not mean he was the only person to see this book as negatively directed at African-Americans. _The Book of Negroes_ was likely misconceived by many more people just because of the inclusion of the word ‘negro’ in the title. Unfortunately, society has made many ethical judgements about the word ‘negro’ which are usually justified but in this case prevent people expanding their knowledge (Hopper). This one of many examples, in which an ethical judgement limited methods available in the production of knowledge. This brings up the question in my mind, why do people shy away from certain words? An attempt to find the answer lead me to the Theory of Knowledge diagram, more specifically the ways of knowing. One way of knowing that intrigues me is language, this seems to answer my question. Language is a very powerful way of knowing, as words can be very powerful. There are handful of words in the english language that are not spoken because of how powerful they are. It seems to me that because of this some words are not tolerated even if the context is appropriate. Which sort of explains why The Book of Negroes received some criticism. It almost makes the criticism understandable, and I can begin to justify Groenberg’s actions. Like I said before, almost all art forms have artwork that is not socially  accepted, and up to this point I’ve only discussed literary art. However in my personal life I have learned about art not being accepted, when it comes to hip-hop music. I regularly listen to hip-hop music and it is a very important part of my life. In the eighth grade for a social studies class I had the opportunity to play a song in class as part of a project. This for me was especially difficult because a lot of hip-hop music is not completely suitable for a eighth grade class setting. Even though I had found a couple of songs that were perfect for what I needed, but had a little too much profanity. I completely understand that there are some inappropriate elements to hip-hop music that are not the best thing for a class room environment. However, I believe by the eighth grade students have developed a level of maturity, and should be able to listen to hip-hop music. All that needed to happen was for my classmates to disregard any profanity and see the song for what it truly is. Similarly, people should have looked past the title â€Å"The Book of Negroes† and read the book to see it for it’s value. Ethical judgments are as prevalent in the arts as they are in the natural sciences. From stem cell research to animal testing, there are a plethora of examples for natural sciences. The arts are as much about entertainment as they are gaining knowledge, or maybe even more. On the other hand the natural sciences is almost entirely about gaining new knowledge and improving what is already known. In this age, developments in natural sciences are nearly only about human advancement. Whether is medically or discovering new things. I am going to mainly focus on how various countries, such as Argentina, the United States, Russia, Iran and France, tested their space equipment. From the mid 1940s all the way to 2013, the mentioned countries have sent monkeys into space (Gray). Before leaders were confident enough to send humans into space, they sent monkeys into space to see how their equipment fared. As expected, most of these monkeys died horrible deaths in flight with no way of knowing what is happening or any way to help themselves (Gray). The most notable instances were the first few monkeys in space. In 1948 NASA sent a  rhesus monkey named Albert 39 miles into the air in a rocket. Albert died of suffocation mid flight, however NASA sent another monkey in the air named Albert II. Albert II survived the flight but died due to a parachute malfunction (Gray). When I discussed the Book of Negroes I reached a conclusion that gaining knowledge is more important than ethical issues. However, when discussing NASA monkeys it is much harder to decide. This is because lives are at stake, although they are not human lives it is still hard to think about something dying for space research. Majority of people agree that sending monkeys into space is wrong. How is it that NASA can design equipment to go into space, but can not create a machine that can detect air pressure and oxygen levels. Again, understanding this point of view is much easier but the theory of knowledge diagram came to my mind again. In the ways of knowing there is emotion, and that is likely the main way of knowing affecting people when they imagine monkeys dying for space research. It is easy to create an emotional bond with an animal as cute as a monkey, and most people can agree monkeys are cute. When reacting on emotions people reach rash conclusions. Which I think can be applied here, I am curious what the reaction would be if NASA tested with uglier or at least less cute animals. What if NASA sent warthogs into space? This is a situation when I personally hate to play devils advocate, however if I was an astronaut in the 1940s I would certainly not go into a space rocket. I have absolutely nothing against monkeys, but if I were forced to make a decision between a monkey dying and a human dying I would choose the monkey, without hesitation. In conclusion, knowledge is very valuable and has been something humans have cherished through the ages. The production of knowledge has been vital to the advancement of the human race. Under most circumstances in the arts and natural sciences, the production of knowledge does not require a major sacrifice, just a small loss or temporary discomfort. There are times in which it is not worth the sacrifice to learn something. However the vast majority of circumstances provide a reasonable loss for the production of  knowledge. Overall, I believe knowledge and the production of knowledge is extremely valuable and should be a priority when it comes to he arts and natural sciences. Works Cited Gray, Tara. â€Å"A Brief History of Animals In Space.† NASA. NASA HQ, 02 Aug 2004. Web. 16 Sep 2013. Hill, Lawrence. The Book of Negroes. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: HarperCollins, 2007. Print. Hopper, Tristin. â€Å"Dutchman threatens to burn The Book of Negroes.† National Post. National Post, 10 Jun 2011. Web. 16 Sep 2013. .